Friday, August 21, 2020
How To Find Free Essay Samples To Read
How To Find Free Essay Samples To ReadAre you looking for some free essay samples to read on the internet? Or do you know someone who has done so and is looking for ways to brush up on their essay writing skills? It's easy. We have some great resources for you to check out.To get started, you can go on-line and find websites where you can find samples and sample essays. There are websites dedicated to just that. There are also other websites where you can look at essay samples and find some strategies that you can use to write your own essay in a more concise manner. Many of these websites will also give you advice on where to look for a good writer.You may also be interested in websites that will give you access to some of the best free material on essay writing. The free resources include eBooks, audio files, templates, lists of words and phrases and reference materials. There are even some websites where you can get some essay help and you can contact a counselor or writer. These sites have been designed to give you all the resources you need.There are many places online where you can find free essay samples. You can go to some of the most popular article websites like EzineArticles.com, to get sample essays. You can also find a large number of sample essays on many of the popular free writing sites like Awkward.com, for example.However, there are also some free materials that you should not use. You should not simply take their samples and start writing a thesis essay. While they may be a good start, you should also follow the tips for writing a paper. Make sure to use the right grammar and spellings, and to write a coherent piece of work.What you should also do is to make a written outline of your project before you start writing your essay. This is essential because it allows you to come up with an idea of what kind of project you are writing about. The reason being is that if you don't know what you are going to write about, you might end up falling into the same traps that many of the amateur writers fall into. Your topic will probably be too general, and you will be putting a lot of information in too short a time frame.Another thing that you should do is to make notes. As you are reviewing the free material you have, make notes of any mistakes you notice and try to make them a point to change them later. Of course, this does not mean that you should throw away the whole thing. This will help you become better.Finally, make sure to get good references. The last thing you want to do is to waste your money on something that turns out to be ineffective. Make sure that you use them as sources when it comes to giving your research credibility.
Monday, May 25, 2020
Tragic Heroes, Joe and Chris Keller, Portrayed in All My Sons
A tragic hero can be defined by several different factors; the hero usually has a major flaw that prevents him from seeing the truth that lies in front of him, which contributes to the characterââ¬â¢s peripeteia due to mistaken judgement. This mistake then leads to achieving anagnorisis, usually at the end of the play, but is too late to change anything, and results in death. Both Joe and Chris Keller constitute as being tragic characters of All My Sons because they both make very tragic mistakes and are driven by the disastrous events that begin before the play. Joe Keller can be described as being tragic because his whole life was dedicated to his family and their well being but all his plans were undone by one fatally flawedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In contrast to Joe, a key theme of Chrisââ¬â¢ mistake was guilt, as he felt a ââ¬Ëresponsibilityââ¬â¢ when he returned from the war alive, which led him to want to believe the best in Joe. Arthur Miller chooses to use ââ¬Ëkilledââ¬â¢ when Chris tells Ann about his ââ¬Ëmenââ¬â¢, because it creates the idea that it was meant to be, and was the ultimate example of altruism, which reflects Chrisââ¬â¢ feelings of guilt when he returns home. Joeââ¬â¢s peripeteia is linked with the swift arrival of George, who infiltrates the certainty of the ââ¬Ëholy familyââ¬â¢, that Steve was entirely at fault for the cylinder heads. George imminently wants to confront Joe, and this indicates that Joeââ¬â¢s fortune may be shifting, which is shown through Joeââ¬â¢s sudden mood change to ââ¬Ëhopeless furyââ¬â¢ when he hears of Georgeââ¬â¢s arrival. Joeââ¬â¢s fortune is altered by Kateââ¬â¢s slip-up when talking to George about Joe; ââ¬ËHe hasnââ¬â¢t been laid up in fifteen yearsââ¬â¢, this then prompts George to raise questions, leading to Joeââ¬â¢s downfall. George is also a factor in Chrisââ¬â¢ peripeteia, which leads to Chris conforming to a realistic out look on life, rather than the idealistic. Joeââ¬â¢s reversal of fortune guides the path for Chrisââ¬â¢ realisation that his father was responsible for the death of twenty one pilots, and his brother, Larry, which ultimately leads to the breakdown of the Keller family, and almost destroys Chrisââ¬â¢ relationship with Ann. Whilst Chrisââ¬â¢ peripeteiaShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 Pagessources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright à © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any
Friday, May 15, 2020
The Skillful Teacher Acknowledging, Communicating Value,...
Within the six traits of building relationship described in The Skillful Teacher: Acknowledging, Communicating Value, Respect, Demonstrate Fairness, Exhibit Realness, Humor and Fun are all traits that I have practice before with CoaH students. I think the three have used to build my strongest student relationships are Communicating value , respect and exhibit realness. One very strong student relationship that I had during my first two years here at CoaH was with one of my tutorial student Laury Alexandre. When I first met Laury in September of 2013 we did not start off on a great foot. She and the rest of her group had a lot of push back. They really tested me in the beginning to year. Laury went afar as giving me the silent treatment for 3 weeks. I think the one situation that really brought us to an understanding of each other was after progress reports for first quarter when Laury got a B in one of her classes. She was very upset crying hard it was afterschool I went to comfort h er and took her aside listened to her issues and comforted her. The next day she sent me an email thanking me for trying to make her feel better even though she was being very unpleasant towards me in tutorial. She write that it must have been hard to care about some elseââ¬â¢s feeling when they treats you so badly and that I must really be very good person. I write back to her that was not difficult at all and that I had nothing to put aside to help her that I enjoyed her very much as a student even
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
An Infectious Disease Outbreak - 1243 Words
An infectious disease outbreak is happening in New York City. No one knows why or how these diseases are suddenly popping up. An endemic spreading rampantly in Americaââ¬â¢s biggest city. This type of Science fiction story can only be written by one man. That man is Robin Cook, whoââ¬â¢s a renowned author of science fiction books. Cookââ¬â¢s books have sold over 400 million copies worldwide and many of them have been New York Timeââ¬â¢s Bestsellers. Not only is Robin Cook an author, he is also a physician. This title gives him a unique perspective in writing science fiction books. Not only is he an established writer but he can also use the knowledge he has attained as a physician to give credibility to the books that he writes. Cook s medical thrillers are designed, in part, to keep the public aware of both the technological possibilities of modern medicine and the ensuing socio-ethical problems which come along with it. The best example of one of his books that fit that description is the book, Contagion. Contagion deals with various infectious diseases and the suspicious outbreak of these diseases in a New York hospital. I choose this specific book because I enjoy when you can blend a sense of realism with a sense of science fiction. Cookââ¬â¢s background enables him to tell an interesting story that isnââ¬â¢t completely out of the realm of possibility of actually happening. A science fiction story is always more interesting if thereââ¬â¢s even the slimmest of possibilities of the story coming toShow MoreRelatedThe Presence And Outbreak Of An Infectious Disease1176 Words à |à 5 PagesPhilip Jason Callimanis Professor Henshaw POLS 170 12/17/15 The presence and outbreak of an infectious disease can have global consequences. Such consequences include the deaths of many people due to an inability to contain the disease. When an infectious disease spreads to, and affects, different populations, this is known as a pandemic. One pandemic that has had far reaching consequences is that of HIV (human immunodeficiency)/AIDS (acquired immune deficiency symptoms), which officially beganRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Infectious Disease911 Words à |à 4 Pagespreventing infectious diseases from spreading throughout the human population. However, despite their attempts new and emerging viruses such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola and sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have continued to develop and cause a drastic impact on society worldwide . As the development of new diseases continues to emerge worldwide there has been an increase in concerns regarding the importance of acquiring new methods to detect and help prevent the spread of infectious diseases. With thisRead MoreIn Making The Case For Securitisation, Scholars Establish1351 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe substantial security risks of an outbreak which makes a security-based approach more appropriate, and highlight the substantial amount of resources and awareness that flows from, and is justified by, the securitisation process. On the first contention, It is argued that national borders are weakened by globalisation, allowing infectious diseases to spread at an alarming rate around the world, as demonstrated by the 2003 SARS pandemic. This allows diseases to have the capacity to detrimentallyRead MoreIntroduction To The Accomplishment Of GHSA890 Words à |à 4 Pagesinternational organizations and non-governmental sectors are vital to the prevent, detect and respond framework. The support of GHSA has contributed to JEE tool under the IHR, helping to identify the most urgent needs of countries in high risk of infectious disease outbreaks and strengthening their potential for health security surveillance. The GHSA initiation should continue past the five-year roadmap to invest in the needed capacity of infrastructures, personnel and equipmentââ¬â¢s and also focused in the ONERead MoreThe Epidemic Of Ebola And Hiv / Aids Essay1363 Words à |à 6 Pagesthroughout history, humans have had to contend with the spread of infectious diseases. One of the greatest concerns in todayââ¬â¢s society is the constant fear of a potential outbreak of an infectious disease. A disease for which society does not have a cure or vaccine available, thereby obliterating the human race if it were to spread. Notable cases include the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1970s and 1980s, and the more recent 2014 outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa. Examining the distinctions betweenRead MoreInfectious Diseases And The Epidemic Essay1273 Words à |à 6 PagesInfectious diseases according to the Mariam Webster Dictionary, is ââ¬Å"a disease caused by the entrance into the body of organisms (as bacteria, protozoa ns, fungi, or viruses) which grow and multiply thereâ⬠. Infectious diseases has been one of the biggest issues facing mankind since the beginning of time. Particularly due to the fact that we will never truly get rid of infectious diseases as a new one seems to appear every few years. From diseases such as the great plague, the H1N1 influenza and moreRead MoreEssay about assignment 11195 Words à |à 5 Pagesparameters (i.e., person, time, place, ethnicity, and gender) used in the compilation of data into the information summative. An outbreak of E-coli has occurred in Good Health Hospital, this has become a major problem since the outbreak occurred in Ward 10 on the second floor. It appears that there are six (6) cases of the disease associated with the E-Coli outbreak. The administrator of Good Health Hospital need to be in constant communication with the CDC to help determine what protocol(s) weRead MoreTask 21251 Words à |à 6 Pagesthose that became infected. Measles has been around for centuries. The first published, written account of the disease was in the ninth century by a Persian doctor. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website on measles, it was not until 1757 that a Scottish physician, named Francis Home, proved that something infectious in the blood was causing the disease. By the early 1900ââ¬â¢s, the United States began requiring every healthcare provider and laboratory to report allRead MoreDiseases Are Bodily Disorders Caused By Organisms Like Bac teria, Viruses And Protozoans ( Pruthi ) Essay1301 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction Diseases are bodily disorders caused by organisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoans (Pruthi, 2016). The human body is full of organisms like such and countless others. For the majority of cases, they are not harmful, but can actually be beneficial when housed on or in a person. However, some such organisms have the possibility of causing disease. The passing of infectious disease can come from a number of channels. Some pass from person to person, others are transmitted throughRead MoreImmunization Program And Its Effect On Children1107 Words à |à 5 Pagesvaccines for numerous infectious diseases and implementation of immunization program in early childhood have reduced number of infectious disease such as rubella, polio, and small pox. Public health effort in providing vaccination to public has contributed greatly in diminishing the number of infectious disease. Hence, vaccination program of measles has been effective and less than 150 cases were reported annually (T hompson, 2015). However, recent measles (Rubeola) outbreak in California and New
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Pliocene Epoch free essay sample
During this time the world became much more like it is today, with ice caps, modern mammals, relatively modern geography, and the evolution of prehistoric man (ape man) ( see figure 1). ââ¬Å"The Pliocene was a time of global cooling after the warmer Miocene. The cooling and drying of the global environment may have contributed to the enormous spread of grasslands and savannas during this time. The change in vegetation undoubtedly was a major factor in the rise of long-legged grazers who came to live in these areas. Additionally, the Panamanian land-bridge between North and South America appeared during the Pliocene, allowing migrations of plants and animals into new habitats. Of even greater impact was the accumulation of ice at the poles, which would lead to the extinction of most species living there, as well as the advance of glaciers and ice ages of the Late Pliocene and the following Pleistocene. â⬠(Palmer 1999) The world was approaching that of today, and continents had taken up their present-day positions. We will write a custom essay sample on Pliocene Epoch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During this time, India collided with Asia and gave rise to the Himalayan Mountains, the Himalayan uplift triggering a great global cooling (or accelerating the already unfolding cooling process) The Pliocene saw the continuation of the climatic cooling that had began in the Miocene, with subtropical regions retreating equatorially, the beginning of the large ice caps, especially in Antarctica, and the northern hemisphere lands and ocean cooling likewise. Antarctica was not yet completely frozen. In the northern hemisphere there is a gradual southward migration of marine invertebrates. Reflecting the cooling trend, Arctic species appear in Britain, and later, in the Mediterranean. So much so that the horizon of a normal marine bed can be determined by the percentage of species that (a) are extinct, (b) survive in more northern latitudes, and (c) are today found in more southern latitudes. ( Todd 2002) The Pliocene saw an almost complete turnover of molluscan species in numerous locations. (See figure 2) This is not to say that extinction rates approached 100% on the species level. In many cases, species ranges simply flowed back and forth with shifting climate. This is particularly noticeable in regions with long north-south coastlines, as in North America. Some of the Zanclean Pacific coast species simply relocated to the Gulf of California in the Gelasian, since the Gulf remained semitropical throughout the Pliocene. Pliocene vegetation was very like todays. Grasslands replaced forests, so grazing mammals spread at the expense of browsers. Cattle, sheep, antelopes, gazelles, and other bovids reached their peak. North American mammals included horses, camels, deer, pronghoms, peccaries, mastodons, beavers, weasels, dogs, and saber-toothed cats. Rhinoceroses and protoceratids died out in North America. The one-toed horse appears for the first time. The Pliocene period is regarded by many zoologists as the climax of the Age of Mammals. This epoch is characterized by the appearance of all of the presently existing orders and families, and many of the existing genera of mammals. The Pliocene was a time of great migration, owing to the appearance of new land bridges. The North American three-toed Hipparion horse crossed the Bering Straits land bridge and entered Asia and Europe, while mastodons entered the Americas from Asia. During the late Pliocene, about 3 million years ago, the isthmus of Panama ended South Americas isolation. The armadillo, ground sloth, opossums, and phorusrhacid birds were among the animals that migrated north from South America. And dogs, cats, bears, horses, mastodons, and others animals invaded South America from the north. This was catastrophic for some of the local animals, especially the big marsupial carnivores. Even today more than half the genera of South American mammals are descended from northern species. Australia, still isolated, saw rodents rafting in on mats of vegetation drifting south from Indonesia. (Serrano 1999) Primate evolution during the Pliocene is characterized by two major developments. Monkeys, which were relatively few and geographically restricted in the Miocene, spread throughout the Old World. The other event is the evolution of bipedal apes, or the first hominines (early humans). As many as eight different species of bipedal apes evolved during the Pliocene, all from a common ancestor that lived in Africa at least 4. 5 million years ago. The emerging avanna grasslands and retreating forests caused some apes to come down from the trees and take up life in the open, where they co-existed with early elephants, antelopes, and other types of animals. An erect posture was necessary for these vulnerable creatures to watch for predators, which also freed the hands for the use of makeshift tools (sticks etc). Two anthropologists, Donald Johansson and Tim White discovered a nd named Australopithecus afarensis better known as ââ¬Å"Lucyâ⬠in 1974. The location she was found in was Hadar, Ethiopia in the Afar region, in mid-November. She was named Australopithecus afarensis after the Afar region that she was found in. For millions of years Lucyââ¬â¢s bones were buried where she had died, and erosion brought them back to the surface where there were discovered. Around midday, Johansson discovered several fossilized bones. After several hours of excavating and uncovering these bones, Johanssonââ¬â¢s team had discovered about 40% of a small, bipedal, female skeleton. The specimen was 3. 5 million years old and is the oldest, most complete, and best-preserved skeleton ever found of Australopithecus. Later on in the night to celebrate, the team played some tunes, and after listening to the popular Beatles Song, Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, named the specimen Lucy. From Lucyââ¬â¢s skeleton we can infer many physical traits she possessed. Lucyââ¬â¢s thighbone suggests that she was three feet, seven inches in height. She had long arms and short legs as well as an ape like chest. Lucy also had a V shaped jaw. Her pelvis and lower limbs show all the adaptation necessary for an upright stance. The state of her bone growth and the presence of her wisdom teeth suggest that she died in her mid-twenties. See figure 3) Supernovas near Earth are rare today, but during the Pliocene era of Australopithecus supernovas happened more often. Their source was an interstellar cloud called Sco-Cen that was slowly gliding by the solar system. ( See figure 4) Within it, dense knots coalesced to form short-lived massive stars, which exploded like popcorn. Researchers estimate (with considerable uncertainty) that a supernova less than 25 light years away would extinguish much of the life on Earth. The blast neednt incinerate our planet. All it would take is enough cosmic rays to damage the ozone layer and let through lethal doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Our ancestors survived the Pliocene blasts only because the supernovas werent quite so close. We know because we can still see the cloud today. It is 450 light years from Earth and receding in the direction of the constellations Scorpius and Centaurus (hence the clouds name, Sco-Cen). Astronomer Jesus Maiz-Apellaniz of Johns Hopkins University recently backtracked Sco-Cens motion and measured its closest approach: 130 light years away about 5 million years ago.
Sunday, April 12, 2020
Midsummer Essays (1380 words) - Robert Frost,
Midsummer COMPARISON OF: ROBERT FROST'S ?STOPPING BY WOODS ON A SNOWY EVENING? AND ?ACQUAINTED WITH THE NIGHT? Robert Frost's poems ?Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening? and ?Acquainted with the Night? seem to be ordinary poems at first glance, but after an in depth look at these works and how they relate, they become much more. Frost seemed to keep a tone of mystery throughout each of these poems, never actually telling the reader exactly what was going on. By the same token, the poems gave off sense of darkness and gloom just adding to the mystery of what lies ahead. Neither of the characters in these poems seem to be very happy which also augments the gloomy mood of these poems. The characters in these poems also appear to be on some kind of journey, but are reluctant to go ahead and find out what fate has planned for them. A sense of obligation is also present in these poems, an obligation which must be fulfilled, whether the character likes it or not. More easily seen is the mystery in each of these poems. Frost keeps the reader in suspense by never telling the reader what exactly is going on, but just touches on what might be going on. And to make things even more mysterious, he gives you hints, and leaves the reader with a lot to think about in these poems. In ?Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,? Frost exhibits this fairly clearly when his character mentions in the first line of the poem ?Whose woods these are I think I know/His house is in the village, though;/He will not see me stopping here.? These first three lines set a mood of dishonesty, as if the character is not supposed to be there, but it's all right for now because the owner doesn't know he's there. This little hint pops a question in your mind, ?What exactly is this guy doing?,? hence the mystery. Frost once again sets the mood for mystery in ?Acquainted with the Night,? by making known the presence of authority when his character states, ?I have passed by the wa tchman on his beat/And dropped my eyes unwilling to explain.? The character seems to be feeling guilty, or afraid of the authority figure and drops his eyes to the watchman because of this. But why would he feel guilty or afraid? Again, a mysterious hint. Also projected by these poems is a sense of darkness, which goes hand in hand with the mystery in these poems. The titles of these poems alone suggest darkness. Let me ask you one question; what time of day is the most mysterious? Of course the ?Evening? or ?Night? is the most mysterious time of day. But Frost does not stop here in emphasizing darkness in these poems. ?The darkest evening of the year.? This selection from ?Stopping by Woods in a Snowy Evening,? amplifies even more the sense of darkness in these poems. Why is this evening ?the darkest of the year Night is night no doubt. But what makes this evening so dark? Is it so dark because the cloud cover from the snowfall is blocking out the moon and stars, desecrating the available light? If this is true, then how could there be enough light to ?watch his woods fill up with snow,? to see that there is ?[no] farmhouse near,? or that ?the woods are lovely, dark and deep Maybe it is not that the evening is dark in the sense of ni ght versus day, but maybe it is a personification of how the character feels. Perhaps the character has hit a low point in their life and this is why the character describes the night as ?The darkest,? i.e. the lowest or saddest, ?evening of the year.? From ?Acquainted with the Night,? Frost's character mentions, ?I have outwalked the furthest city light.? When the character states that he have ?outwalked the furthest city light? it projects a very strong and large sense of darkness. During the night, the brightest light may be from a city, and to ?outwalk? this strong light, the character must walk very far, hence, ?furthest.? Immediately after this line, the character says ?I have looked down
Tuesday, March 10, 2020
Determining Significant Figures
Determining Significant Figures Every measurement has a degree of uncertainty associated with it. The uncertainty derives from the measuring device and the skill of the person doing the measuring. Lets use volume measurement as an example. Say you are in a chemistry lab and need 7 mL of water. You could take an unmarked coffee cup and add water until you think you have about 7 milliliters. In this case, the majority of the measurement error is associated with the skill of the person doing the measuring. You could use a beaker, marked in 5 mL increments. With the beaker, you could easily obtain a volume between 5 and 10 mL, probably close to 7 mL, give or take 1 mL. If you used a pipette marked with 0.1 mL, you could get a volume between 6.99 and 7.01 mL pretty reliably. It would be untrue to report that you measured 7.000 mL using any of these devices because you didnt measure the volume to the nearest microliter. You would report your measurement using significant figures. These include all of the digits you know for certain plus the last digit, which contains some uncertainty. Significant Figure Rules Non-zero digits are always significant.All zeros between other significant digits are significant.The number of significant figures is determined by starting with the leftmost non-zero digit. The leftmost non-zero digit is sometimes called the most significant digit or the most significant figure. For example, in the number 0.004205, the 4 is the most significant figure. The left-hand 0s are not significant. The zero between the 2 and the 5 is significant.The rightmost digit of a decimal number is the least significant digit or least significant figure. Another way to look at the least significant figure is to consider it to be the rightmost digit when the number is written in scientific notation. Least significant figures are still significant! In the number 0.004205 (which may be written as 4.205 x 10-3), the 5 is the least significant figure. In the number 43.120 (which may be written as 4.3210 x 101), the 0 is the least significant figure.If no decimal point is present, the right most non-zero digit is the least significant figure. In the number 5800, the least significant figure is 8. Uncertainty in Calculations Measured quantities are often used in calculations. The precision of the calculation is limited by the precision of the measurements on which it is based. Addition and SubtractionWhen measured quantities are used in addition or subtraction, the uncertainty is determined by the absolute uncertainty in the least precise measurement (not by the number of significant figures). Sometimes this is considered to be the number of digits after the decimal point.32.01 m5.325 m12 mAdded together, you will get 49.335 m, but the sum should be reported as 49 meters.Multiplication and DivisionWhen experimental quantities are multiplied or divided, the number of significant figures in the result is the same as that in the quantity with the smallest number of significant figures. If, for example, a density calculation is made in which 25.624 grams is divided by 25 mL, the density should be reported as 1.0 g/mL, not as 1.0000 g/mL or 1.000 g/mL. Losing Significant Figures Sometimes significant figures are lost while performing calculations. For example, if you find the mass of a beaker to be 53.110 g, add water to the beaker and find the mass of the beaker plus water to be 53.987 g, the mass of the water is 53.987-53.110 g 0.877 gThe final value only has three significant figures, even though each mass measurement contained 5 significant figures. Rounding and Truncating Numbers There are different methods which may be used to round numbers. The usual method is to round numbers with digits less than 5 down and numbers with digits greater than 5 up (some people round exactly 5 up and some round it down). Example:If you are subtracting 7.799 g - 6.25 g your calculation would yield 1.549 g. This number would be rounded to 1.55 g because the digit 9 is greater than 5. In some instances, numbers are truncated, or cut short, rather than rounded to obtain appropriate significant figures. In the example above, 1.549 g could have been truncated to 1.54 g. Exact Numbers Sometimes numbers used in a calculation are exact rather than approximate. This is true when using defined quantities, including many conversion factors, and when using pure numbers. Pure or defined numbers do not affect the accuracy of a calculation. You may think of them as having an infinite number of significant figures. Pure numbers are easy to spot because they have no units. Defined values or conversion factors, like measured values, may have units. Practice identifying them! Example:You want to calculate the average height of three plants and measure the following heights: 30.1 cm, 25.2 cm, 31.3 cm; with an average height of (30.1 25.2 31.3)/3 86.6/3 28.87 28.9 cm. There are three significant figures in the heights. Even though you are dividing the sum by a single digit, the three significant figures should be retained in the calculation. Accuracy and Precision Accuracy and precision are two separate concepts. The classic illustration distinguishing the two is to consider a target or bullseye. Arrows surrounding a bullseye indicate a high degree of accuracy; arrows very near to each other (possibly nowhere near the bullseye) indicate a high degree of precision. To be accurate, an arrow must be near the target; to be precise successive arrows must be near each other. Consistently hitting the very center of the bullseye indicates both accuracy and precision. Consider a digital scale. If you weigh the same empty beaker repeatedly, the scale will yield values with a high degree of precision (say 135.776 g, 135.775 g, 135.776 g). The actual mass of the beaker may be very different. Scales (and other instruments) need to be calibrated! Instruments typically provide very precise readings, but accuracy requires calibration. Thermometers are notoriously inaccurate, often requiring re-calibration several times over the lifetime of the instrument. Scales also require recalibration, especially if they are moved or mistreated.
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